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Shevuos 49a

שבועות מ״ט ע״א

Shevuot 49a

Learn Shevuos 49a step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

End of פרק כל הנשבעין (גלגול שבועה, שביעית cancelling an oath) and the opening משנה of פרק שבועת הפקדון on the four שומרים and false oaths about a deposit

Overview

This amud first finishes an argument about גלגול שבועה, the rule that a person who must swear can be made to include other claims in that oath. Both opinions agree that a hired worker's oath (שבועת שכיר) is not rolled over. They differ about everyone else: does the בית דין bring up the extra oath on its own, or only when the other side asks? The גמרא then learns from the words 'וזה דבר השמטה' that שביעית cancels even an oath about a loan. The chapter כל הנשבעין closes with a הדרן. A new משנה opens by listing the four kinds of guardians: שומר חנם, שואל, נושא שכר, and שוכר. It explains when each one swears and goes free and when each one must pay. It then brings cases where a guardian swears falsely about what happened to the ox, showing when he is פטור and when he pays קרן, כפל, or קרן, חומש and an אשם. It also covers a plain thief, who pays כפל or ארבעה וחמשה, or only the קרן if he admits first. The amud ends just as the borrower's case begins; his answer comes on the next amud.

Opening lines

לַכֹּל מְגַלְגְּלִין,

For all oaths we roll over additional oaths,

חוּץ מִשָּׂכִיר – שֶׁאֵין מְגַלְגְּלִין.

except for a hired worker – for whom we do not roll over.

רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר: לַכֹּל אֵין מְקִילִּין,

Rav Chisda says: For everyone we are not lenient,

חוּץ מִשָּׂכִיר – דִּמְקִילִּין.

except for a hired worker – with whom we are lenient.

The steps (17)

  1. StatementEvery oath can be rolled over except a hired worker's
  2. Statementרב חסדא: we are lenient only with a hired worker
  3. QuestionWhat is the difference between the two opinions?
  4. ResponseThe difference: does the court raise it on its own?
  5. QuestionWhere do we learn that שביעית cancels an oath?
  6. Response'דבר השמטה' — even speech is cancelled
  7. ConclusionHadran — Closing פרק כל הנשבעין
  8. StatementThe four types of guardians
  9. StatementThe unpaid guardian swears, the borrower always pays
  10. StatementThe paid guardian and the renter: swear on accidents, pay on loss and theft
  11. StatementAn unpaid guardian swears to the wrong mishap and is still exempt
  12. StatementAn unpaid guardian who denies knowing anything is also exempt
  13. StatementThe guardian who said 'lost' but really ate the ox
  14. StatementThe guardian who said 'stolen' but stole it himself
  15. StatementA stranger accused of stealing the ox
  16. StatementAdmitting before the witnesses arrive
  17. StatementStarting the borrower's case