Yoma 50b

יומא נ׳ ע״ב

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Topic

Whether the פר יום הכפורים is a private or communal קרבן, and רבי אלעזר's question about whether a תמורה can take effect on it

Overview

The גמרא first tries to prove from רבי אלעזר's question that some תנא holds the פר יום הכפורים is a קרבן ציבור. It rejects the proof: the other view may be that the bull belongs to partners (שותפין). The גמרא then examines רבי אלעזר's question itself: according to the view that the bull is a קרבן יחיד, can a תמורה take effect on it? A first explanation, that the doubt is between the מקדיש and the מתכפר, is rejected as obvious, because תמורה always follows the מתכפר. So the real doubt is whether the fellow כהנים get atonement as an essential part of the bull or only incidentally. The גמרא tries to answer from a ברייתא about a זבח that overrides שבת and טומאה and can make a תמורה, which seems to fit only the bull. רב ששת says the ברייתא could mean the ram of אהרן, and the גמרא supports him, since a bull's substitute (a חטאת's substitute) is left to die. The גמרא answers that 'תמורה' in the ברייתא means substitutes in general, while 'זבח' means a specific offering. It begins to prove this from the strictures of תמורה, and the proof continues on the next amud.

Opening lines

The steps (16)

1. ProofInferring from רבי אלעזר's question that some say the bull is communal
2. RejectionThe other view may be partnership, not communal
3. QuestionReturning to רבי אלעזר's question: what is his doubt?
4. ResponseDo we follow the one who consecrates or the ones who receive atonement?
5. ChallengeObviously the one atoned for is the one who matters
6. ResolutionThe real question: are the fellow כהנים atoned as a core part or only incidentally?
7. ProofOpening a ברייתא to try to answer the question
8. ProofThe ברייתא's second half: how the substitute is stricter
9. ProofThe ברייתא must be talking about the bull
10. Rejectionרב ששת: it could be the ram of אהרן
11. ProofWhy the ram reading is more reasonable
12. RejectionThe ברייתא Could Still Be About the Bull: 'Substitute' Means Substitutes in General
13. ChallengeThen Maybe 'Offering' Also Means Offerings in General?
14. ResolutionNo, the ברייתא Does Not Mean Offerings in General
15. ProofProof from the Strictures the ברייתא Lists for a Substitute
16. ProofIf 'Offering' Were General, Some Offering Already Has These Strictures