Yoma 85b

יומא פ״ה ע״ב

Learn Yoma 85b step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

The source that פיקוח נפש overrides שבת, where only שמואל's וחי בהם survives, and the משנה and גמרא on how קרבנות, יום הכפורים and תשובה bring atonement.

Overview

This amud joins the sugya in the middle. רבי עקיבא is finishing his proof that פיקוח נפש overrides שבת. רבי אלעזר, רבי יוסי ברבי יהודה, רבי יונתן בן יוסף and רבי שמעון בן מנסיא each bring another proof. שמואל then gives וחי בהם: live by the מצוות, and do not die by them. רבא shows that every other proof covers only a certain danger, not a ספק. Only שמואל's proof has no refutation, and it is praised as 'one sharp pepper.' A new משנה follows. It teaches that קרבנות, מיתה, יום הכפורים and תשובה each bring atonement in different ways, and that sins against another person need appeasement. The גמרא then reads the משנה closely. It explains why אשם תלוי is left out, and it shows the משנה can fit רבי's view that יום הכפורים atones even without תשובה. Last, רב יהודה explains which לא תעשה תשובה alone atones for. A contradicting ברייתא is then brought, and the challenge continues on the next amud.

Opening lines

The steps (31)

1. Statementרבי עקיבא's proof from the altar
2. Statementרבי אלעזר's proof from circumcision
3. Statementרבי יוסי son of רבי יהודה learns from the word 'but'
4. Statementרבי יונתן בן יוסף: שבת is given to you
5. Statementרבי שמעון בן מנסיא: break one שבת to keep many
6. Statementשמואל's proof: 'and live by them'
7. Statementרבא: only שמואל's proof cannot be refuted
8. Rejectionרבי ישמעאל's break-in proof refuted with רבא's reasoning
9. ChallengeCertain danger is proven, but what about uncertain danger?
10. Rejectionרבי עקיבא's proof is pushed off using אביי
11. ChallengeSo we still have no source for doubtful danger
12. ConclusionAll proofs fall except שמואל's
13. ConclusionOne sharp pepper beats a basket of squash
14. StatementOfferings atone; מיתה and יום הכפורים atone with תשובה
15. StatementHow far repentance alone reaches
16. StatementPlanning to sin and rely on atonement does not work
17. StatementSins against others need appeasement
18. Proofרבי אלעזר בן עזריה's verse for this rule
19. Statementרבי עקיבא: ה׳ purifies ישראל like a מקוה
20. StatementOnly the definite guilt-offering is listed as atoning
21. ChallengeBut the Torah says the uncertain offering atones
22. ResolutionThe uncertain offering gives only partial atonement
23. ResolutionThe uncertain offering can be replaced by something else
24. ProofProof: יום הכפורים exempts the uncertain offering
25. StatementDeath and יום הכפורים atone only with repentance
26. ChallengeDoes this contradict רבי?
27. ResolutionEven רבי agrees: repentance needs יום הכפורים
28. StatementThe משנה: repentance alone atones for light sins
29. ChallengeWhy mention the positive commandment at all?
30. Resolutionרב יהודה: it means a prohibition fixed by a positive act
31. ChallengeChallenge: a baraita counts a full prohibition as light