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Eruvin 40b

עירובין מ׳ ע״ב

Learn Eruvin 40b step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

Combining ראש חודש with another day in one ברכה; saying זמן on ראש השנה and יום הכפורים; and fasting on ערב שבת.

Overview

On the previous amud, the גמרא asked why, according to בית שמאי, ראש חודש gets no separate ברכה on ראש השנה. רבי זירא answers that ראש חודש is always folded into other ברכות. A ברייתא in which בית שמאי give ראש חודש on שבת its own ברכה challenges him, and the גמרא admits it is a difficulty (קשיא). The גמרא then shows that combining two days in one ברכה is itself a dispute among תנאים. The first opinion combines only in מוסף, while רבן שמעון בן גמליאל combines in every seven-ברכה תפילה. רב חסדא and רבה conclude that one mention of זכרון counts for both days. Next, רבה asks whether זמן (שהחיינו) is said on ראש השנה and יום הכפורים. After a ברייתא, a debate over needing a כוס, and the story of רב חסדא saying זמן at קידוש, the גמרא rules that זמן is said on both days and may be said even without a כוס. Finally, רבה asks whether a student fasting on ערב שבת must finish his fast, and רבא begins a proof from a ברייתא about תשעה באב on שבת that continues on the next amud.

Opening lines

אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא:

Rabbi Zeira said:

שָׁאנֵי רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ,

Rosh Chodesh is different,

מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁכּוֹלֵל לְשַׁחֲרִית וְעַרְבִית,

since one includes it in the morning and evening prayers,

כּוֹלֵל נָמֵי בְּמוּסָפִין.

one also includes it in the additional prayer.

The steps (30)

  1. Resolutionראש חודש is different because it is always folded in
  2. ChallengeChallenge: בית שמאי require eight ברכות when ראש חודש falls on שבת
  3. ConclusionThe challenge stands unanswered
  4. StatementCombining days is itself a dispute; the weekday-style prayers on such a שבת
  5. Statementרבי אליעזר: mention the day in הודאה; forgetting requires repeating
  6. StatementIn מוסף, שבת and the special day share one ברכה
  7. StatementThe second opinion: combining in every seven-ברכה תפילה
  8. QuestionWhat was decided in the end?
  9. ResponseOne mention of זכרון counts for both
  10. QuestionMust one say זמן on ראש השנה and יום הכפורים?
  11. Responseרב יהודה: I say זמן even on a new gourd
  12. QuestionThe real question: optional or required?
  13. Responseרב and שמואל: זמן is required only on the three רגלים
  14. ChallengeA ברייתא is brought to challenge רב ושמואל
  15. ChallengeThe ברייתא seems to be about זמן
  16. ResolutionThe ברייתא means the ברכה of the day, not זמן
  17. ProofA proof that the ברייתא is not about זמן
  18. Rejectionזמן can be made up on any day of the holiday
  19. ProofDoes this support רב נחמן that זמן needs no כוס?
  20. RejectionThe case is when he happened to have a כוס
  21. ChallengeHow can one say זמן over a cup on יום הכפורים?
  22. ProofProof that saying the blessing means accepting the day
  23. ChallengeHe cannot bless and leave the cup untouched
  24. ChallengeHe cannot give the cup to a child
  25. QuestionWhat is the ruling? The Sages send someone to watch רב חסדא
  26. Responseרב חסדא makes קידוש and says זמן
  27. ConclusionFinal ruling: זמן is said on ראש השנה and יום הכפורים
  28. Conclusionזמן may be said anywhere, even in the market
  29. QuestionMust a student fasting on ערב שבת finish his fast?
  30. Proofרבא begins a proof from a ברייתא about תשעה באב on שבת