Gemara Clarity

Makkos 13b

מכות י״ג ע״ב

Makkot 13b

Learn Makkos 13b step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

Open Makkos 13b in Gemara Clarity

Topic

Do חייבי כריתות and חייבי מיתות בית דין also get מלקות? The opinions of רבי ישמעאל, רבי עקיבא and רבי יצחק, their sources, and רבא's and רבינא's explanations of the dispute.

Overview

This עמוד finishes a ברייתא about whether people who deserve כרת or a בית דין death penalty also get מלקות ארבעים. רבי ישמעאל says both groups get lashes. רבי עקיבא says only חייבי כריתות get lashes. רבי יצחק says neither group does. The גמרא finds רבי ישמעאל's source in ״והפלא״, read as lashes for breaking "all" the Torah. It then limits this to a לאו like muzzling an ox. רבי עקיבא's source is ״כדי רשעתו״, which teaches one punishment per sin, while רבי ישמעאל calls death plus lashes one "extended death." To explain why כרת cases still get lashes, רבי אבהו brings a גזירה שוה, and after objections the sugya limits ״כדי רשעתו״ to court punishments. רבא then recasts the whole argument as a case where the sinner was warned about lashes. רבינא starts another explanation that continues on the next עמוד.

Opening lines

[יֶשְׁנָן] בִּכְלַל מַלְקוֹת אַרְבָּעִים,

[they] are included in the category of forty lashes,

דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל.

the statement of Rabbi Yishmael.

רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר:

Rabbi Akiva says:

חַיָּיבֵי כָרֵיתוֹת (יֶשְׁנוֹ) [יֶשְׁנָן]

Those liable to karet are

The steps (29)

  1. Statementרבי ישמעאל: both groups are included in lashes
  2. Statementרבי עקיבא: כרת yes, court death penalty no
  3. Statementרבי יצחק: even כרת cases get no lashes
  4. QuestionWhat is רבי ישמעאל's source?
  5. ResponseThe punishment for not keeping the whole Torah
  6. Proof״הפלאה״ means lashes, for every sin
  7. ChallengeThen a positive מצוה should also bring lashes
  8. ResolutionThe word 'guard' means only prohibitions
  9. ChallengeThen a prohibition without action should also bring lashes
  10. ResolutionThe word 'to do' requires an action
  11. ChallengeThen a prohibition fixed by a positive מצוה should also bring lashes
  12. ResolutionLashes only for sins like muzzling an ox
  13. ConclusionThe muzzling comparison answers every question
  14. Responseרבי עקיבא's source: only one punishment per sin
  15. Resolutionרבי ישמעאל: death and lashes count as one long punishment
  16. ChallengeChallenge to רבי עקיבא: what about people liable to כרת?
  17. RejectionRepentance cannot be the reason, since they have not repented yet
  18. Resolutionרבי אבהו: a גזירה שוה openly includes כרת cases in lashes
  19. Challengeרבי אבא בר ממל: then court death cases should be included too
  20. ResolutionOnly matching word-forms can be compared
  21. ChallengeEven very different words can make a גזירה שוה
  22. ChallengeLink ״מעיני״ to ״לעיני״ instead
  23. Resolution״כדי רשעתו״ only counts court punishments
  24. Statementרבא narrows the dispute to a warning about lashes
  25. ChallengeThen חייבי כריתות should not be flogged either
  26. Resolutionכרת needs no Torah warning, so the לאו is for lashes
  27. ChallengeMaybe the לאו is needed for a קרבן
  28. ResolutionNo קרבן for פסח and מילה because they are positive commands
  29. Resolutionרבינא opens a different answer