Makkos 18b

מכות י״ח ע״ב

Makkot 18b

Learn Makkos 18b step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

Lashes for eating sacred food improperly, and which steps are required for בכורים (הנחה, קריאה, תנופה)

Overview

The גמרא finishes discussing רבא's count of lashes for a זר who ate an עולה. It explains that כל שבקודש פסול does not add lashes, because an עולה was never fit to eat. It agrees that רבי אליעזר's כליל תהיה rule does add lashes; רבא was only counting from his own verse. Next, רב גידל quotes רב that a כהן who eats a חטאת or אשם before זריקה gets lashes, since a לאו הבא מכלל עשה counts as a full לאו. רבא disproves this from the kosher-animal verses, so the teaching is restated: a זר who eats before זריקה is exempt, because the ban on a זר applies only once the כהנים may eat. The גמרא then turns to בכורים: without הנחה they are invalid, but without קריאה they are still valid. Using רבי זירא's rule, this holds only while קריאה is still possible. Seeming contradictions in רבי יוחנן's words are solved by tying each statement to a different תנא. This leads to the argument between רבי יהודה and רבי אליעזר בן יעקב over where waving of בכורים is learned. A new teaching of רבי יצחק about בכורים begins and continues on the next amud.

Opening lines

The steps (23)

1. ChallengeWhy not also lashes for eating disqualified sacred food?
2. ResolutionThe rule only covers food that was once fit to eat
3. ChallengeWhy not lashes under רבי אליעזר's כליל תהיה rule?
4. ResolutionYes, he does get those lashes; רבא only counted from his own verse
5. StatementA כהן who eats a חטאת or אשם before the sprinkling gets lashes
6. Responseרב's source: a prohibition that comes from a positive command
7. Challengeרבא's challenge from the kosher-animal verses
8. ResolutionThe corrected version of רב's teaching
9. ResponseWhy the זר is exempt before זריקה
10. StatementFor בכורים, placing is required but reciting is not
11. ChallengeHis other ruling: בכורים kept past the holiday must rot
12. ResolutionAnswer from רבי זירא's rule about בילה
13. StatementA different source for the rule about first fruits
14. Challengeרבי יוחנן's answer to רבי אסי seems to clash
15. ChallengeTwo contradictions stated clearly
16. ResolutionEach statement follows a different תנא
17. QuestionWhere is רבי יהודה's view found?
18. Responseרבי יהודה reads 'and you shall place it' as waving
19. QuestionWho argues with רבי יהודה?
20. Responseרבי אליעזר בן יעקב learns waving from a different verse
21. QuestionWhy does this verse teach waving?
22. ResponseThe 'hand' comparison to peace-offerings
23. StatementA new statement about first fruits begins