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Makkos 21b

מכות כ״א ע״ב

Makkot 21b

Learn Makkos 21b step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

Open Makkos 21b in Gemara Clarity

Topic

One act, many sets of מלקות: the furrow משנה, wearing כלאים, covering כלאים seeds, רבי עקיבא's מקיים, and whether kinds of work add up separately on יום טוב.

Overview

The משנה gives a famous case: one furrow of plowing can break eight לאוין at once. חנניא בן חכינאי wants to add wearing a כלאים garment. The חכמים say that is 'not the same category,' and he answers that the נזיר item is not about plowing either. The גמרא then explains what 'taking off and putting on' כלאים means: רב אחא says a real removal is needed, while רב אשי says the time it takes is enough. רבי ינאי reports a vote that one who covers כלאים seeds with earth gets מלקות, and רבי יוחנן proves this from the furrow משנה. ריש לקיש says the proof is weak because the משנה could follow רבי עקיבא, who gives מלקות even for keeping כלאים alive, and the גמרא shows רבי עקיבא's source in a פסוק. עולא asks why sowing on יום טוב is not counted too. רבא answers that on יום טוב separate kinds of work do not add up. אביי begins a challenge to רבא from a case of cooking a גיד הנשה in milk on יום טוב, and that case continues on the next amud.

Opening lines

יֵשׁ חוֹרֵשׁ תֶּלֶם אֶחָד

There is one who plows a single furrow

וְחַיָּיב עָלָיו מִשּׁוּם שְׁמוֹנָה לָאוִין:

and is liable for it for eight prohibitions:

הַחוֹרֵשׁ בְּשׁוֹר וַחֲמוֹר,

one who plows with an ox and a donkey,

וְהֵן מוּקְדָּשִׁין,

and they are consecrated,

The steps (20)

  1. StatementOne furrow, eight prohibitions
  2. StatementAdding a garment of mixed fabrics
  3. ChallengeThe חכמים: wearing is a different category
  4. ResolutionThe נזיר is not plowing-related either
  5. QuestionWhat counts as taking off and putting on?
  6. Responseרב אחא shows it with his hands
  7. Responseרב אשי: just the time it takes is enough
  8. StatementThe group vote: covering mixed seeds brings lashes
  9. Proofרבי יוחנן: our משנה already says this
  10. ProofPlowing breaks the mixed-seed prohibition only by covering
  11. Conclusionרבי ינאי: I lifted the shard, you found the pearl
  12. Rejectionריש לקיש: the משנה may follow רבי עקיבא
  13. QuestionWhere רבי עקיבא's view is found
  14. Proofרבי עקיבא's source in the verse
  15. Challengeעולא: why not also lashes for sowing on יום טוב?
  16. Resolutionרב נחמן: the תנא left some cases out
  17. Challengeעולא rejects the idea that the list is incomplete
  18. Resolutionרבא: on יום טוב separate kinds of work do not add up
  19. Conclusionעולא accepts רבא's answer
  20. Challengeאביי challenges רבא from cooking a גיד הנשה in milk on יום טוב