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Shevuos 13a

שבועות י״ג ע״א

Shevuot 13a

Learn Shevuos 13a step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

Open Shevuos 13a in Gemara Clarity

Topic

Does יום הכפורים atone without תשובה? רבי, the רבנן, and רבי יהודה

Overview

The גמרא explains that the משנה, which allows atonement without תשובה, is talking about someone still rebelling, and that it follows רבי. According to רבי, יום הכפורים atones for every sin even without תשובה. The exceptions are three sins of rejecting the Torah: פורק עול, מגלה פנים בתורה, and מפר ברית בבשר. The גמרא brings רבי's source from a פסוק in במדבר and shows how the רבנן read that פסוק differently. Next it challenges this reading, because the end of the משנה matches רבי יהודה. רב יוסף answers that רבי agrees with רבי יהודה on that point, but רבי יהודה does not agree with רבי. He proves this from an unnamed ספרא, which says יום הכפורים atones only for those who repent. Another unnamed ספרא seems to say the opposite. אביי answers that the two ברייתות follow different תנאים. רבא says both follow רבי, who agrees that the כרת for breaking יום הכפורים itself needs תשובה. The גמרא rejects רבא's first proof and starts to restate it, and the new version continues on the next amud.

Opening lines

בְּעוֹמֵד בְּמִרְדּוֹ,

It is a case where he stands in his rebellion,

וְרַבִּי הִיא.

and it is the view of Rabbi.

דְּתַנְיָא: רַבִּי אוֹמֵר,

As it is taught: Rabbi says,

עַל כׇּל עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה,

for all transgressions in the Torah,

The steps (17)

  1. ResolutionThe case is someone still rebelling, following רבי
  2. Proofרבי's ruling: יום הכפורים atones even without תשובה, except for three sins
  3. QuestionWhat is רבי's source?
  4. ResponseThe פסוק of כי דבר ה׳ בזה and the double word הכרת תכרת
  5. Responseעונה בה: the exception applies only without תשובה
  6. StatementHow the רבנן read the same פסוק
  7. ChallengeThe last part of the משנה matches רבי יהודה, not רבי
  8. Resolutionרב יוסף: the משנה is רבי, who agrees with רבי יהודה on the last point
  9. Questionאביי asks whether the agreement goes only one way
  10. Responseרב יוסף: yes, the agreement goes only one way
  11. ProofA ברייתא teaches that יום הכפורים atones only for those who repent
  12. ProofThe unnamed ספרא is רבי יהודה, so he requires repentance
  13. ChallengeAnother unnamed ספרא says יום הכפורים atones no matter what
  14. Resolutionאביי: Each ברייתא Follows a Different תנא
  15. Resolutionרבא: Both ברייתות Follow רבי, but רבי Agrees About the כרת of the Day
  16. RejectionThe גמרא Finds a Case of כרת Anyway
  17. ProofRather, Restate the Proof