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Shevuos 14a

שבועות י״ד ע״א

Shevuot 14a

Learn Shevuos 14a step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

How the כהנים get atonement on יום הכפורים and the two confessions of the פר, then the new משנה on the four kinds of forgotten awareness of טומאה and the holiness of the added עזרה.

Overview

The ברייתא finishes explaining how the כהנים are forgiven for טומאת מקדש וקדשיו on יום הכפורים. It rules that the פר of אהרן covers them, not the inner שעיר, and backs this up with the פסוק 'בית אהרן'. The גמרא then defends the ברייתא's sources. 'אשר לעם' is free, because public funding is learned from another פסוק. The double 'אשר לו' is really about the כהן גדול paying from his own money, and the ברייתא was solving a logic problem about who pays. Next the גמרא returns to the מחלוקת of רבי יהודה and רבי שמעון about the שעיר המשתלח. It asks why, according to רבי יהודה, the bull needs two confessions. The answer is that the כהן גדול first atones for himself and then for his household, since an innocent person should atone for the guilty. After the הדרן closing פרק שבועות שתים, a new משנה lists the four kinds of forgotten awareness for eating קודש or entering the מקדש while טמא, which require a קרבן עולה ויורד. It adds that an addition to the עזרה is fully holy, because it is made through a king, a נביא, the אורים ותומים, a סנהדרין of 71, and a formal procession.

Opening lines

בְּטוּמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו.

for defiling the Temple and its sacred foods.

בַּמָּה הֵם מִתְכַּפְּרִין?

Through what do they get atonement?

מוּטָב שֶׁיִּתְכַּפְּרוּ בְּפָרוֹ שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן,

It is better that they get atonement through Aaron's bull,

שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּתַּר מִכְּלָלוֹ אֵצֶל בֵּיתוֹ;

since its rule was already widened for his household;

The steps (18)

  1. StatementThe כהנים get atonement through the פר of אהרן
  2. ProofA פסוק shows all כהנים are אהרן's house
  3. QuestionWhat does 'if you wish to say' mean?
  4. ResponseAll priests are called 'his household'
  5. ChallengeIsn't 'for the people' needed for something else?
  6. ResolutionPublic funding comes from a different verse
  7. ChallengeThe words 'his own' are needed for a different law
  8. ProofThe full ברייתא: 'his own' is written twice to make it required
  9. ResolutionThe ברייתא was answering a logic problem, not reading extra words
  10. ChallengeFor רבי שמעון, the bull's three כפרות match the three goats
  11. ChallengeWhy does רבי יהודה need two confessions and the bull's blood?
  12. ResolutionOne confession for himself, one for his household
  13. ConclusionHadran — Closing פרק שבועות שתים
  14. StatementNew משנה: awareness of טומאה is two that are four
  15. StatementMore cases of forgetting with holy food
  16. StatementThe same cases for entering the מקדש
  17. StatementThe added part of the עזרה counts as fully holy
  18. StatementThe order of the procession