Temurah 28b

תמורה כ״ח ע״ב

Learn Temurah 28b step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

The sources for disqualifying רובע ונרבע, נעבד, מוקצה and נוגח from the מזבח, and the definition of מוקצה

Overview

The גמרא works through a ברייתא that reads ויקרא 1:2 word by word, with each word disqualifying a type of animal from being a קרבן. רב אשי explains why רובע ונרבע cannot be learned by קל וחומר from a בעל מום: a בעל מום's blemish is visible, but רובע ונרבע's is not. That is why 'מן הבהמה' is needed. Next, 'מן הבקר' excludes a נעבד. The גמרא shows that a קל וחומר from אתנן ומחיר could be flipped, so a פסוק is needed here too. It then explains why the two words cannot be swapped, and רבי שמעון explains why the Torah needs to exclude both רובע and נוגח. A different תנא, the school of רבי ישמעאל, learns these disqualifications from the word השחתה in the blemish verse. The גמרא then shows how each תנא finds a source for excluding sick, old and filthy animals. Finally, ריש לקיש rules that only an animal set aside for seven years is a forbidden מוקצה, based on גדעון's bull. That leads to רבא's answer, which cites רבי אבא בר כהנא's teaching that eight normally forbidden things were allowed to גדעון that night, a list that continues on the next amud.

Opening lines

The steps (33)

1. Resolutionרב אשי: the comparison to a blemished animal breaks down at its base
2. ConclusionSo the verse 'from the animals' is needed to exclude these animals
3. Statement'From the herd' excludes a worshipped animal
4. ChallengeCouldn't we learn this from a prostitute's fee and a dog's price?
5. RejectionThe logic can be reversed
6. ChallengeThe flipped argument would cancel a verse
7. ResolutionThe verse covers non-living idols, so a living animal needs its own source
8. Challengeרב חנניא: another verse already forbids the coating
9. Resolution'Destroy their name' means giving idols insulting nicknames
10. ChallengeWhy not swap the two exclusions?
11. ResolutionEach word matches the verse where it appears
12. StatementThe flock excludes מוקצה and נוגח
13. QuestionWhy does the Torah need both רובע and נוגח?
14. ResponseWith רובע, forced counts like willing
15. ResponseThe goring animal has its own stringency, so both cases are needed
16. StatementAnother תנא's source: רובע ונרבע are like a blemish before consecration
17. StatementThey need a permanent blemish to be redeemed, with the verse
18. QuestionHow does this verse teach about רובע ונרבע?
19. ResponseWords are missing: הַשְׁחָתָה means ערוה and עבודה זרה
20. ProofProof verses that השחתה means ערוה and עבודה זרה
21. ConclusionWhatever a blemish disqualifies, ערוה and עבודה זרה disqualify too
22. QuestionHow does the school of רבי ישמעאל use 'מן הבהמה מן הבקר ומן הצאן'?
23. ResponseThose words exclude a sick, old or filthy animal
24. QuestionWhere does the first תנא learn about sick, old and filthy animals?
25. ResponseFrom 'מן הצאן מן הכבשים ומן העזים'
26. ResponseFor the school of רבי ישמעאל, that verse is ordinary Torah wording
27. StatementThe משנה's question: what is a מוקצה?
28. Statementריש לקיש: only an animal set aside for seven years is forbidden
29. ProofThe source: גדעון's bull of seven years
30. ChallengeBut that bull was actually worshipped
31. ResolutionIt was set aside but never worshipped
32. ResolutionIt was worshipped, but this was a one-time exception
33. StatementEight things were permitted to גדעון that night