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Temurah 3a

תמורה ג׳ ע״א

Learn Temurah 3a step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

מוקדשי גוים (תמורה, מעילה and other קדשים laws), and lashes for a לאו without an action

Overview

The עמוד opens by finishing a proof that תמורה follows the מתכפר, based on רבי יוחנן's rule about separating תרומה for a friend's produce. The גמרא rejects the proof: in רבי יוחנן's case a Jew is involved from start to finish. Whether a גוי's offering brought for a Jew allows תמורה ends as תיקו. Next the גמרא explains a ברייתא about מוקדשי גוים. Benefit from them is banned only מדרבנן, and by Torah law there is no מעילה. There is also no liability for פיגול, נותר or טומאה, and a גוי cannot make a תמורה. Each rule comes from a פסוק that says 'בני ישראל', reached directly or through a גזירה שוה or היקש. The ברייתא also covers נסכים for a גוי, gives רבי יוסי's strict view, and limits the 'no מעילה' rule to קדשי מזבח, not בדק הבית. Then רב teaches that a לאו without an action brings no lashes. The גמרא challenges him from the משנה's lashes for תמורה and resolves the challenge through רבי יהודה's view. A second teaching gives the same general rule but lists exceptions: נשבע, מימר, and מקלל חבירו בשם, with one view adding one who separates תרומה before ביכורים. The source for נשבע begins here and continues on the next עמוד.

Opening lines

עַל שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ —

for that of his friend —

טוֹבַת הֲנָאָה שֶׁלּוֹ!

the benefit of discretion is his!

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָתָם הוּא

He could say to him: there it is

דְּקָאָתֵי מִכֹּחַ יִשְׂרָאֵל,

that it comes from the power of a Jew,

The steps (27)

  1. ProofThe proof from separating תרומה for another person's produce
  2. Rejectionרבי יוחנן's case is different: there a Jew is involved from start to finish
  3. ConclusionThe question stays unresolved
  4. Statementמוקדשי גוים: no benefit allowed, but no מעילה
  5. QuestionWhy is there no מעילה?
  6. ResponseA גזירה שוה from 'חטא' teaches that מעילה applies only to Jews
  7. StatementNo liability for פיגול, נותר, or טומאה on a גוי's offerings
  8. ProofLearning נותר from טומאה through the word 'profane'
  9. ProofLearning פיגול from נותר through the word 'sin'
  10. StatementA גוי cannot make a תמורה
  11. ProofA second source for why a גוי cannot make a תמורה
  12. StatementA גוי does not bring נסכים alone, but his offering needs them
  13. QuestionAsking for the source of the נסכים rule
  14. Response'אזרח' leaves out a גוי, and 'ככה' includes his עולה
  15. Statementרבי יוסי is strict about a גוי's offering in all the cases
  16. Responseרבי יוסי's reason: the פסוק says 'לה׳'
  17. StatementThe 'no מעילה' rule is only for קדשי מזבח
  18. ResponseWhy בדק הבית is different: it is not like תרומה
  19. Statementרב: lashes only for a prohibition done with an action
  20. ChallengeChallenge from substitution, which brings lashes without an action
  21. ResolutionThe משנה follows רבי יהודה
  22. ChallengeBut the משנה's first clause does not follow רבי יהודה
  23. ResolutionOur תנא agrees with רבי יהודה on one point and disagrees on another
  24. StatementRule: lashes only for an action, except three cases
  25. StatementA fourth exception: separating תרומה before ביכורים
  26. QuestionWhere do we learn that one who swears gets lashes?
  27. ResponseThe source for נשבע‎: "ה׳ will not clear him"