Pesachim 23a

פסחים כ״ג ע״א

Learn Pesachim 23a step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

Whether 'לא יאכל' also forbids הנאה: challenges from תרומה, נזיר, חדש, שרצים and חמץ, the 'לך' words of בל יראה, and a proposed parallel in the dispute of רבי יוסי הגלילי and רבי עקיבא over חלב נבלה

Overview

This amud opens at the end of a ברייתא about ערלה. The תנא קמא says the word 'לכם' includes a tree planted for the public, and רבי יהודה says the word excludes it, because a רבוי after a רבוי comes to exclude. The גמרא then returns to the debate between חזקיה and רבי אבהו over whether 'לא יאכל' also forbids benefit (הנאה). It brings several cases where benefit is allowed even though the תורה says 'do not eat': תרומה, the wine of a נזיר, חדש, שרצים, and חמץ. Each time, the answer points to a word showing ownership: 'תרומתכם', 'נזרו', 'קצירכם', 'לכם', and 'לך'. For the נזיר, רב אשי offers another source, but it is rejected and מר זוטרא's answer stands. From the שרצים verse, חזקיה proves his own rule: the תורה needed 'לכם' to allow benefit, so plain 'לא יֵאָכֵל' forbids it. The גמרא then counts how רבי יוסי הגלילי and רבנן each use the 'לך' words in the verses of בל יראה. Finally, it suggests that the whole dispute matches a dispute between רבי יוסי הגלילי and רבי עקיבא over the verse about חלב נבלה, 'יעשה לכל מלאכה'. Testing that comparison continues on the next amud.

Opening lines

The steps (34)

1. StatementThe dispute: is a tree planted for the public subject to ערלה?
2. QuestionWhat is the reasoning of the first opinion?
3. ResponseFirst opinion: 'and you shall plant' means an individual, so 'for you' adds the public
4. Responseרבי יהודה: two inclusions in a row come to exclude
5. ChallengeChallenge from תרומה: a ישראל may use it for an עירוב
6. Resolutionרב פפא: the word 'your תרומה' allows benefit
7. QuestionWhat does חזקיה do with the word 'your תרומה'?
8. Responseחזקיה: 'your תרומה' just means the תרומה of all of כלל ישראל
9. ChallengeChallenge from the wine of a nazirite
10. Resolutionמר זוטרא: the word 'נזרו' (his נזירות) keeps the wine his
11. Resolutionרב אשי: only the hair is holy
12. RejectionThe verse never says 'nothing else'
13. ConclusionMar Zutra's answer is the right one
14. ChallengeChallenge from חדש before the עומר
15. Resolutionרב שמעיה: 'קצירכם' (your harvest) stays yours
16. QuestionHow does חזקיה read 'קצירכם'?
17. ResponseFor חזקיה, 'קצירכם' is ordinary wording
18. ChallengeChallenge from selling non-kosher creatures
19. ResolutionThe word 'לכם' allows benefit
20. ChallengeThen selling should be allowed even on purpose
21. ResolutionThe word 'יהיו' limits trading in them
22. ChallengeWhy would the Torah forbid and then permit?
23. Resolutionחזקיה: this verse is my very source
24. ChallengeChallenge from חמץ and רבי יוסי הגלילי
25. ResolutionThe word 'לך' allows benefit from חמץ
26. ResponseWhat רבנן learn from 'לך'
27. Responseרבי יוסי הגלילי has two 'לך' words
28. Responseרבנן use the second 'לך' for two kinds of non-Jews
29. Responseרבי יוסי הגלילי finds a third 'לך'
30. Responseרבנן need the third 'לך' for שאור and חמץ
31. QuestionIs the 'לא יאכל' dispute an older dispute of תנאים? רבי יוסי הגלילי's view
32. Statementרבי עקיבא uses the verse for purity
33. Responseרבי יוסי הגלילי's view: the verse is needed to allow benefit
34. Responseרבי עקיבא's view: the verse is needed to teach purity