Yoma 82a

יומא פ״ב ע״א

Learn Yoma 82a step by step: Aramaic beside English, every question, answer and proof colour-coded.

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Topic

Training children to fast on יום הכפורים; feeding the pregnant and the sick; פיקוח נפש and the three sins of יהרג ואל יעבור

Overview

The משנה says children are not made to fast on יום הכפורים, but they are trained one or two years before adulthood. רב חסדא explains that a weak child starts one year early and a healthy child two years early. רב הונא, רב נחמן and רבי יוחנן then give age charts for fasting a few hours, a full fast מדרבנן, and a full fast מדאורייתא. רבי יוחנן says there is no rabbinic full-fast stage at all. The גמרא tests each side against the משנה and a ברייתא, and every view survives. רבא בר עולא concludes that there are two kinds of training: delaying meals for young children, and a full fast for older ones. A new משנה rules that a pregnant woman with a craving, or a sick person, is fed on יום הכפורים. A ברייתא explains that פיקוח נפש overrides every איסור except עבודה זרה, גילוי עריות and שפיכות דמים. The גמרא then gives the source for each of those three exceptions.

Opening lines

The steps (25)

1. StatementThe משנה: children are trained to fast before adulthood
2. ChallengeWhy does the משנה need to say 'one year before'?
3. Resolutionרב חסדא: a weak child versus a healthy child
4. Statementרב הונא's age chart (for girls)
5. Statementרב נחמן's age chart (for boys)
6. Statementרבי יוחנן: no stage of a rabbinic full fast
7. ChallengeTesting the opinions against the משנה: it fits רב הונא and רב נחמן
8. ChallengeThe משנה seems difficult for רבי יוחנן
9. Resolutionרבי יוחנן reads the years as right before maturity
10. ChallengeA ברייתא that fits רבי יוחנן challenges רב הונא and רב נחמן
11. ResolutionTraining in the ברייתא means a full fast
12. ChallengeAnother ברייתא shows training means delaying meals
13. ResolutionThere are two kinds of training
14. StatementNew משנה: feeding a pregnant woman who smelled food
15. StatementFeeding a sick person based on experts or his own word
16. StatementA pregnant woman who craves forbidden meat is fed step by step
17. StatementNothing stands in the way of saving a life except three sins
18. QuestionWhere do we learn that עבודה זרה is an exception?
19. Responseרבי אליעזר asks why the verse says both 'soul' and 'might'
20. ProofEach person is told to give up what he values most
21. QuestionWhere do we learn the exceptions of גילוי עריות and שפיכות דמים?
22. Responseרבי quotes the verse comparing the betrothed girl to a murder victim
23. QuestionWhat does a murderer teach us about the betrothed girl?
24. ResponseThe comparison teaches in both directions: from the betrothed girl to the murderer
25. ConclusionFrom the murderer to the betrothed girl: one must die rather than sin